Literary Which Informed Our Music Video

Music Video Analysis: James Owen Fender - The Cloud

Lyme Regis/The Cobb Research

 Lyme Regis and The Cobb have been iconically throughout history in literature and film. The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Cobb was used to show power, danger and the drama between the two characters in the film, as the film is about two actors in a film within the film, but they then become intimate in their present life. This shows a disjointed reality and conflicting characters and situations, much like our music video which is why the location fits so perfectly to our idea.

 

The iconic shots of Meryl Streep on The Cobb were definitely something we wanted to recreate and reference in our video. The flowing skirt was also an intentional intertextual reference in our video to this film as Meryl's costume is a long, flowing black coat which was filmed billowing in the wind at the end of The Cobb, a shot in which we attempted to recreate.

The Cobb and Lyme was also used as a location in the TV version of Jane Austen's Persuasion (1995) where it also references the Victorian ideology of the area and Lyme itself. The Lyme Regis museum describes The Cobb as, 'The 16th century Cobb was a miracle of engineering for its time, and described by the Elizabethan chronicler Holinshed as "a great and costly jetty". It required constant maintenance, and in the 1620s Thomas Gerard described how stones to reinforce the Cobb were carried there buoyed up by empty wooden casks.' Therefore, showing that The Cobb is a marvel in British engineering and has many connotations with the literature that was written at these times, such as Thomas Hardy's classic literature.

A drawing of the 16th century Lyme Regis and Cobb





Jane Eyre's book, Persuation, was also influenced by Lyme Regis. She was very fond of the area and in her novel she depicts a girl, Louisa Musgrave, who after a dramatic turn of events, jumps off the Cobb. This perfectly fits to our idea of using the Cobb and it also made the idea of Ava, our female character, jumping off the Cobb a more viable idea due to it being more than about the relationship because it is symbolic and intertexual.

Lyme Regis

Lyme Regis and The Cobb are going to play a large part in the music video. The Cobb at Lyme Regis have had the likes of Meryl Streep standing on it, filming 'The French Lieutenants Woman', the BBC's version of 'Persuasion' and of course, Thomas Hardy's work was mostly written in the same area.

The Cobb is initially a sea wall to protect the harbour and the coastline.

By using the Cobb as one of our locations, it means that we can inter-textual reference it to other media filmed there, such as listed above.

The Cobb is a spectacular location to film at and hopefully the footage we film will compliment the Cobb.

Chesil Beach

Chesil beach is another great location we definitely wanted to use in our video. It is a strand of beach located in a quite rural and quaint area, perfect for filming.

Our plan was for some panning shots around the characters, for interest of shots, but also to utilise the locations; by using the hills and the sea either side of the beach.

It is the location furthest away from where we stayed, so we had to make sure that took almost a whole day just for the this location to make sure we had enough to travel there and get a lot of filming done. 

We had to walk along the beach to get to where the river falls behind the beach and have the sea in front of it as well so we could use as much of location as possible, meaning that planning ahead was vital.

Final Costumes

The Present day costumes will be as is in the pictures. 

Nile

Plain black T-Shirt signifying the 'dark side' of the relationship, the rocky argumentative side.

Grey Jeans highlighting that there were some grey areas of their relationship - not completely truthful. 

Grey DM Boots suggesting he HAD the upper-hand of the relationship. (the renowned and long lasting strength associated with Doc Martens)

Ava

White T-Shirt speckled with black the white suggests she wishes she could go back to it being how it was, however the black speckles are the parts which make her believe it was the right decision to go; like that she knows it could never be the same even though she wishes it was simple.

                                           Black Maxi skirt signifying the 'dark side' of the relationship, the rocky argumentative side.
                                           Brown buckled belt making the fact that there was some difference                       between the two characters stand out. one of the reasons Ava left.
                                          Black spiked shoes suggesting that Ava sometimes lost her temper and became quite 'prickly' with Nile.

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The Past or memories of the two characters costumes will be as in the pictures.

Nile

Blue Tye Dye top the pattern suggests a happy, fun and playful relationship, exhibited via the music video clips.

Blue Denim shorts again, a sense of fun and joy is represented via the colour.

Ava

Blue strap top delight and appreciation is shown through this colour on Ava in their relationship.

Black leggings highlighting that maybe there are a few things that Ava doesn't like to talk about/a secret kept from Nile. 

Nile
Turquoise shirt similarly to the other outfit, happiness and playful, featuring a minute pattern, showing small details in their relationship.
Grey trousers suggesting there may be one or two disagreements or situations that went wrong.
Grey DM boots similar to the trousers

Ava
Sky Blue shirt similar to before, exhibiting her contentment and happiness.
Grey Cardigan implying that there was/is some disagreement between the two of them
Dark leggings suggesting that there is something she is keeping from Nile or something she hates about 'him' or 'them'.
Black shoes similar to 'dark leggings'.

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We decided to go with a motif of black/grey/white (present) and blue/green/black (past) to signify a difference and contrast between the two time frames and show that there is a complete change in their relationship, not only as people but as a 'unit', so to speak.

The very simple monotone colours of the present outfits show the mourning nature of their emotional state, showing they are still wrapped up in this relationship and can't seem to escape, but perhaps Ava sees it more 'black and white' because Nile's 'grey' vision shows he is still yearning for the relationship to continue.

The motif of blue is to symbolise the relationship as pure, as the definition of blue in a conceptual sense is 'Blue represents truth, wisdom, heaven, eternity, devotion, tranquillity, loyalty and openness. The presence of this colour may symbolise a spiritual guide and optimism of the future and clarity of mind.' This shows that in that time they were optimistic and seeing their future together as bright and infinite.

However blue does lead itself into forshadowing of the relationship as it can also mean, 'An expressing a desire to get away or the colour blue may also be a metaphor for "being blue" and feeling sad.' Thus, showing that their relationship was finite and not enternal as they hoped beforehand.

The decision to have two 'past' outfits was to show the long jeverdy of their relationship and that it lasted for some time before falling apart. Also the first outfit is all blue, showing the connotations of blue, but then the second outfit starts to show the cracks in the relationship with the 'grey' areas of the outfits showing the 'grey' areas of their relationship.

Costume Ideas

The plan is to keep the costumes simplistic and representative or their relationship, the present and the past. 

Present

Black and white - alongside low saturation of video.

Simple clothing - nothing with excessive patterns/complex textures.

Nothing to detract from what is going on in the video.

Modest clothing - Clothing that covers a majority of the body. 

Flowing clothing - we wanted a skirt/scarf/dress that would flow from the female character's body to add drama to the shots.

Past
Simple clothing.
Bright colour - blue theme - co-inciding with the sea/river locations and the high saturation filters on the clips: connoting pure, innocent, dream-like state.
Vest tops/t-shirts.

Our aim was to have a distinctive difference between flashblack and reality in every way possible with the shots themselves, the editing and costume. The costume also adds a lot to the ambiance and mood of the video, adding to the contrast and drama.

Actor/Character Profiles

There will be only two characters in our video; a young female and a young male. We chose the two actors (Emily and Fraser) on their creativity, acting abilities and appearance.

We thought that knowing the people we were going to be working with would make the process easier and more efficient. If you know the people then their motivation, willingness and understanding will be greatly increased, as we found out from a very hectic, but productive week of filming. Emily had known Emily Greig since 2007 and we both know Fraser since we both started Sixth Form.

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ACTOR
NAME - Emily Greig
GENDER - Female
AGE - 17
HEIGHT - 5 Ft 7"
HAIR COLOUR - Chestnut Brown/Red tint
SCHOOL - Wymondham College
SUBJECTS - Media, Philosophy, Psychology

CHARACTER
NAME - Ava
GENDER - Female
AGE - 19
INTERESTS - Reading and Writing literature, Love Stories, Poetry, watching films, sight seeing, day dreaming, attending concerts, writing own music, camping with friends.
RELATIONSHIP - Ava fell in love with Nile, they were together for 4 years and were the perfect teenage sweethearts. Ava ran away from the relationship, like she runs away with her mind. She felt like she was not good enough for Nile and in the music video is trying to remember them and her old self, as her mind has changed since they were together. At the end of the video she tries to kill herself but fails, she watches him walk away from her (un-knowingly) on the beach.

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ACTOR
NAME - Fraser Stannage
GENDER - Male
AGE - 17
HEIGHT - 5 Ft 10"
HAIR COLOUR - Dark Brown
SCHOOL - City Of Norwich School
SUBJECTS - Photography, Psychology, ICT

CHARACTER
NAME - Nile
GENDER - Male
AGE - 19
INTERESTS -Writing own music, attending concerts, photography, drawing/graphic design, reading, devising film ideas, acting, being with friends.
RELATIONSHIP - If possibly, Nile was more in love with Ava than she was with him. Nile adored her. When Ava ran away from their relationship together, he was not going to let her go. In the music video, Nile tries to re-trace their steps in their relationship to see how he can 'find' her again. He gets close towards the end, but walks away from the beach. However his quest to find her is not over.

Casting

Once we had the locations in place and we had planned to travel down to Devon in late August, we thought that we had the casting sorted, but unfortunately the dates clashed with a family holiday so our female actor, Emily Chawawa, was unable to come with us. Our male actor, Fraser Stannage, was also at 'Reading' festival at the same time, but fortunately we were able to pick him up en-route.

We were then stuck without a female actress and after asking many of our friends at such short notice, Emily's friend Emily Greig volunteered to join us and help with out music video. It is a shame that Emily Chawawa, our original actress, couldn't join us due to the West-African connotations of 'Kankouran' and Emily being of African origin and coloured skin it would have worked extremely well, however we were very grateful for Emily Greig to step in at the last minute.

Emily also takes media studies at a different school so we thought it would be perfect so she could give her creative feedback on our ideas also and will also understand our intentions when making the video as she is making her own at the school she attends.

Combestone Tor

Combestone Tor was found by Emily driving through the Dartmoor forest earlier in the year and we thought that it was a powerful location and would be perfect to use.

Not many people visit this location as it is quite secluded and hard to access so therefore we will be able to utilise it as much as possible without interference. The location is also very similar to a location used in Jane Eyre (2011) and would be seen as an intertexual reference and also the character of Jane Eyre is a similar strong woman to the character in our music video.

River Dart

The River Dart is a beautiful location and we thought that it would be suitable to use atleast one river in the music video for the song, Rivers. There is also a bridge, Holne Bridge, on the river which could be used in our shots. Also the footpath runs alongside the river so we will be able to get shots with our actors near the river and also some stills around and of the river itself.

If the water wasn't moving too fast we wanted to use it for some reflection shots.

However when we arrived at the location the tide was quite high and water was moving extremely fast. Yet, I was able to get some powerful still shots using my Photography knowledge and a longer shutter speed to get some movement images and also shots of the actors.

Lulworth Cove

This location will work in our favour as the tide coming in and out can sometimes pose as a problem when filming. Aiming to film up on the rocks will make out task easier if the tides are usually calm.

Tourism rates are similar to Durdle Door, people tend not to stay very long. This again will aid us in our filming efforts. If we can find a clear section of beach this will benefit out filming. Lulworth Cove is a beautiful location to film at, picturesque and peaceful. Hopefully if we catch it on a sunny day, it can often look like it should be in the Mediterranean.

Durdle Door

Durdle Door was an amazing location and we thought that it was perfect to use for our video. It has also been used by many people such as Cliff Richard, Stephen Fry, Emma Thompson and Pink Floyd. A scene of Nanny McPhee was filmed on this beach also.

Emily had been to the location itself, and it seemed very suitable, as often people do not go all the way down to the beach, because of the very dangerously steep walk down/up to and from the beach. People don't tend to stay very long as the tides change very quickly on the beach itself. So we hoped that the filming wouldn't be disturbed by many people.

References in Africa Shox by Leftfield

    A reference to Goodwin's theory that 'There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals' when the protagonist grabs onto the fence at the same time as the lyric  - 'Let's get electrified'. This shows the audience the fence could be electric and sending electricity through the character, the same way as the music sends vibes through the clubbers and dancers as the dance to Leftfield's music. The protagonist also connotes a spaced out clubber, therefore showing the lyrics to reference the genre and experience of clubbing/dancing.

    Educated audiences will enjoy this video due to the subtle subliminal messages and references to films, therefore 'film buffs' will enjoy the noir references. The cinematography is also complex and aesthetically pleasing and will further add to the enjoyment of the audience who enjoy the references and noir film style of the video.


    Another reference that a film buff may find in the dystopic portrayal of New York, is the way dir. Carol Reed portrayed Vienna in The Third Man (1949). The way the protagonist is shown to be disconnected with the world he is visiting and dystopic society that has been created, the same way that the protagonist in Africa Shox is disconnected with New York and is shown as a dystopia and extended metaphor for ethic and social minority's continued struggle the in modern, Western society.

    Other films that may be referenced and shown as dystopic are 'The Killing' (2007) where Copenhagen is shown as a dystopia.

   Essex Boys (2000) and Animal Kingdom (2010) both use dystopia in Essex and Melbourne, a key convention of the Thriller genre.

Festival Posters

    Different festivals cater to different needs depending on the festival itself, and therefore are marketed in varied ways to appeal to those different audiences, offering different aspects of festival community and experience. 

 LATITUDE

    The latitude poster is completely selling the festival as an event and the location itself. The stylisitic writing and vintage frame with detailing is selling the style of the festival, a very 'arty' and calm atmosphere with good music, which would appeal to many people. The style of the poster has not changed much in 7 years is has been running, therefore is has become a brand and is recognisable and trustworthy to an audience or potential new customer.

 READING

     Reading is completely selling the musical acts by the plain background and the main focus on the headling acts, therefore they are selling the music only and the experience of the music, not the festival as a community. The colour scheme is simple and contrasts the red colouring of the logo so that is recogniseable, but the bold writing is so that the artists are the main focus of the advertisment due to the font being bolder and bigger than even the logo itself.

DOWNLOAD

    Download is very bold and brash and reflects the type of music playing at the festival, mainly Metal. The tattoo style border reflects people's interest in tattoos, body art and modification within the genre. The headlining acts are the main part of the poster with the names being as bold and strong, if not bolder than the logo of the festival itself, showing that they are also selling the music experience rather than the music and festival experience that Latitude sells. This also shows that the kind of person to attend Download is the kind of person who knows the genre well and can recognise the headlining acts.



Character Names

      Originally we thought that we could just use the actors' real names for the character names, but we thought that in a lot of films and literature nominative determinism is used, the theory  that a person's name can have a significant role in determining key aspects of job. Therefore we thought that because the band's name, Kankouran, had so much meaning we would also link the names of the characters to the song, Rivers.

 

A brief internet search for name meanings formed a list of possible names: 
Avon
Ailsa
Dana
Dee
Delaney
John
Cleonie
Miriam
Nile
Douglas

   All of the names listed have some connection or meaning to a river, it was just a case of choosing which ones fit the characters look, and fit well together.

  

   As we looked at the names, we agreed that we wanted something that was obviously connected to Rivers or water in some way but without looking not like a real name at all. For the female name we liked the idea of Avon because of its obvious connection to Rivers but we thought it didn't sound like a realisitic name so we thought to change it to 'Ava', because it sounds still with the soft, flowing tone but actually sounding like a name. We liked the name Nile for the male part and we thought that it fitted nicely with the character and with Ava.

   So, after creating many different combinations of names and different ideas, it was a group decision that Ava, (originally Avon) and Nile would fit best to our characters. 

The Rising Popularity of Festivals

    'UK fans spent £1.45bn on gigs in 2009 - up 4% from the previous year, according to songwriters' body PRS For Music.' said Ian Youngs, Music reporter, BBC News. Showing that there is a definite rise in the popularity of music festivals over the last few years. However, some may think that it is just a rising popularity in the industry itself, but as the statistics show 'Sales of CDs, records and digital downloads remained flat at £1.35bn in 2009.' Therefore, music festivals are shown to be much more popular and increasingly so, more so than the purchased or downloaded music. This is due to the fact that a lot of the consumption of music over the last 10 years has been digital and non-malleable, thus a consumer now wants to go back to the 'good days of music', as some would call, in the 1960s and 1970s - the days of Woodstock and giant festivals. So, therefore this revert and interest in festivals shows a throw-back or perhaps a progression into the modern music genre through old uses of it 40-50 years ago.

    The idealism of festivals has changed from something old to something remade and new. The notion of sleeping in a tent, wearing wellies walking in the mud and drinking beer all weekend is appealing to people as it a complete escape from the norm.

   It is chance for people to let go of the constraints of society, mobiles phones, laptops, worrying about money or your car and be relaxed, have a good time and be spontaneous for the weekend. Unlike a gig where it is a few hours long, at most, festivals are days long with your friends listening to music that you love so it is a completely different experience for somebody wanting to go to a festival rather than just seeing the band in concert.  

 

The sense of community is also different in the fact that the people there are all in the same situation with mostly the same views and opinions on the place and music they are attending, therefore conversation can be made with different people without even knowing them by sharing that and being in the experience together.

It gives an experience to lots of different people due to the vast audience festivals bring. Teenagers and young adults can see it as a chance to change their normal lives and do something they wouldn't usually do. Older people use it as a way of relaxing and people with families can enjoy it and have their children entertained in a relaxed and calm environment.

Music Festivals: Our Band

     

     After looking at lots of different music festivals, as a group, we came to the decision that 'Latitude festival' would best suit our band, Kankouran. The type of music at latitude is indie/folk/rock/acoustic which we thought does fit our band very nicely and they're music would fit with the atmosphere and genres that also play there. 

    Latitude festival isn't just about the music, it is about the whole experience, with live acts, comedy, dance, art and literature. This means that it attracts 'arty' type people who are interested in more than just jumping around the music, but appreciate it as an art form also. Which is different to a pop festival, which is more about the experience of partying hard and drinking a lot. 

   Latitude is also family friendly and is marketed towards all different age groups. The 'indie' scene is quite calm and about acoustic music and having a calming, good time. With the drug of choice at a festival like this being cannabis or something you smoke and the drink being cider, beer or lager. 

   At a pop festival the drug would perhaps be something heavier like ecstasy, speed or cocaine, something stimulating and the drink of choice would be spirits like Vodka or Malibu. Drink and drugs are part of festivals and vary between different festivals.

    The look of the poster reflects the audience demographic and the way in which the festival targets itself. The stylistic nature of the poster, with the vintage frame and detailing attracts the viewer - the type of person interested in vintage fashion, style and appearance. The green colour motif also reflects the festival as it connotes nature, which shows the audience it is a calm and natural place to be. The text and image of the coloured sheep show the 'arty' nature of the festival and show it to be a festival in which people who are interested in art and differently styled things would be attracted to this festival.

Leftfield - Afrika Shox (Analysis)

     'Africa Shox' by Leftfield would be in the 'Dance/Electro/Techno/Progressive House' type genre, meaning that it is reflected in the video, choreography, cinematography and mise-en-scene to appeal to the demographic, of which would be 20-25 year old people, mainly male. The obvious reference to slavery and racial issues suggests that audience would also be of a more middle class status and be relatively well educated due to the whole video being an extended metaphor for racism. 

     The way the actor is walking is similar to limbo, which could be seen as a direct intertexual reference to the poem Limbo by Edward Kamau Brathwaite where he talks about slaves' experiences on slave ships.  Some significant quotes from the poem would be 'and the music is saving me' because many people in the modern age see music as an escape, something to get away from real life and the world around them, which it served the exact same purpose on the slave ships where they would sing and play music to keep their spirits high as they were being transported to foreign lands. This is significant because it shows that perhaps their audience would be people of ethnic minority or that it is just about the music and getting lost in their work. 'Knees spread wide' is also a quote worth looking at due to the fact that it connotes the conditions of the slaves in the ships, but also connotes rape and torture. This could mean that the character in the video is constrained by society and has bad living conditions in New York, but at the same time he is being metaphorically 'raped' by the society that he lives in because he is being ignored. 'The dark deck is slavery' would be the starting quote that the artist would have probably looked at due to the fact that it has a direct and obvious connotation to slavery and therefore shows that the artist was thinking about this when constructing the video, but also the dark, urban feel to the video also connotes the 'dark deck' feel to the video and shows that perhaps there still is some element of 'slavery' and injustice within the Western culture towards the ethnic minorities.

     There is also political connotations with this video, but not just in the video itself, showing a broken, underclass type black man who is represented as invisible and ignored, also the name of the band themselves. 'Leftfield' suggests 'Left-wing' as a 'field' is very similar to a 'wing' in the meaning of 'an area of space'. Left-wing by definition means 'The liberal, socialist, or radical section of a political party or system'. Thus, showing to their audience that they are socialist-type people who are against the consumerist and capitalist Western society that we live in, therefore being against ethnic minorities being poor, lower class citizens and invisible to society, thus showing the reality and realism of how people are being treated, perhaps in the hope to change it. 

     Genre is key to this video because it conforms to the genre - in that it has a grungy and dark feel to the video, with a very masculine mise-en-scene and a strong feel to the video due to the tall buildings, straight lines, right-angles and low saturated colour. The lyrics in the song 'Afrika Bambaataa' is actually a reference to a 'Afrika Bambaataa', an American DJ from South Bronx, New York, which is where the video is set - showing a direct link to the genre and a tribute to a legend of the genre of hip-hop/electro/dance/electro-house. Bambaataa also featured on this track, therefore it shows that the use of New York City, a heavily built up, man-made, masculine place, and also the place where he grew up, lived and worked, is to tribute him and show his roots and therefore the roots of the genre, even though Leftfield are a British band, it shows they know the roots of their genre.

     The video starts with this low angle show of a very tall building amongst the mist/clouds. This is a daunting first shot and grabs the viewers attention. The low saturation and the industrial feel establishes the urban genre and the overall feel of the video in the first shot - setting the scene for the rest of the video. This shot also creates prophetic irony due to a contemporary audience knowing that the twin towers were destroyed in the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, therefore along with the fog, noir lighting and dark mise-en-scene the dystopic reality of the video is shown to the audience imminently - creating an impending sense of doom.

The medium shot of the police car next is used to show again masculinity because it is stereotypically male and there is still female oppression within the profession; thus enhancing the masculine aspect. It also is used in irony because police are meant to be enforcers of law and order, but the next shots show poverty and people in need, but the police obviously don't do anything about it. The lights on the car also suggest the lights in a nightclub, where the type of music would usually be played, therefore connoting dance and movement.

The next medium shot of the black man emerging from the back of the building is used to shock the audience and show poverty and he is used as a symbol or metaphor for racism in the Western culture and society, therefore using him to show the 'Underclass' type poverty that still exists. However, he is shown as perhaps a drug user or somebody who is at that social status due to his own actions, not the actions of others the greed of a capitalist society. 

      The video then moves on to show tracking and panning medium and long shots of the man running around New York trying to get people to help him, however nobody responds to him and he is left alone. This is representation of being ignored by society, which many of these people are. 

      This long shot of the man in the crowd shows the audience that he is outcast because he is the centre of the image and he is of a minority by being black and people do not seem concerned with him looking ill and dying. 

 The medium/close up shot of his legs, show him as frail and weak and also is a reference to the slaves travelling from Africa to the Americas, as they were not fed properly and became very ill and weak. 

The juxtaposition of the shot of the man falling to the ground next to the of 'WALK' in big white letters on the lights, show irony. It shows irony in that the man cannot walk therefore he cannot use the sign, but it also is ironic in the sense that society tells him to do something, but he cannot conform because he is oppressed. It is also ironic that the writing is white, whereas the man is black, showing that perhaps the black man does not conform to a white society - a continued metaphor for racism. 

    The medium shot of the white man looking up at the black man from his newspaper followed by a close up shot of him looking back down at his paper reflects the white superiority in society and that he believes that he is above the black man and thus doesn't need to help him even when his arm falls off. 

   The dramatic close up shot of the black man's arm falling off shows a broken man, consumed up by society and not being looked after the same as other people. 


    The long shot of the black man from the perspective of the car then a close up of his face shows him to be scared of fate and death, but at the same time when he dies he turns into ashes - which shows him as nothing and dust amongst a city and society. Also the fact that he is hit by a New York Yellow Taxi and it is such an iconic part of the New York culture shows that he is eaten up by the culture itself and therefore is not using the society the same as everyone else, therefore showing his oppression and lower class status; not having equal opportunities. 
      

     The shots of the white men break dancing shows a white society trying to hijack black people's culture due to break dancing originating from black people and the slave ships, along with Capoeira, a martial art, used on the ships to look like a dance, but it was actually used to fight when handcuffed by chains. Therefore by white people doing this dance is sort of devalues the meaning of it. The fact that the breakdancing and main referencing to the music is underground shows that Leftfield's music is also underground and the people listening to it will be part of the same underground genre.

     The low angle shot of this 'God-like' figure, who is also black, coming to help the protagonist, shows to the audience that there is some good in the society and that there are some black people who are not completely oppressed by the culture and are willing to help the protagonist.